Amplasament sit Salcuta(jud. Dolj). Punct ,,Piscul Cornisorului,,. Romania

Apud S.M.Balcu, R.Andreescu, Piscul Cornisorului, Studii de Preistorie, 2004.

CANDVA... IN OLTENIA.

     During the Late Neolithic the territory of the present - day province Oltenia witnesses a cultural diversity. The area has an abundant hydrographic basin which will play an important role in the dynamic of the Neolithic people situated in the southern part of the Carpathians. The western part of Oltenia, from the area of Cazane, is inhabitated by the community of Vinča people situated in the evolutive phase C (the settlements from Almajel, Valea Anilor, Ostrovul Mare). The stratigraphic scheme of the settlements shows a continuity of Sălcuţa type (the IIIrd evolutive phase).

   Between the Jiu and the Olt a complex cultural dispay can be registered, one can notice settlements belonging to Vădastra (first evolutive phase surpasses the Olt, in the second phase is restricted only between the two streams), Dudeşti(date elements from the area of the Jiu flowing into the Danube), BoianV (penetrations in the left side of the Olt), Gumelniţa B. The presence of the populations belonging to Gumelniţa in the Olt area which were in the Late phase is under the influence of the Stepic people of Cernavodă type. There are fragments of pottery with pounded shell in the paste and decoration realized by using the cord in settlements like Vădastra, Sălcuţa, Ostrovul Corbului, Drăgăneşti Olt.

As a result of these mixing procedures the Eneolithic culture Sălcuţa appears and spreads in Banat which has connections with Bubanj and Krivodol cultures. During Eneolithic period these people will connect the southern part with the interior of the Carparhians playing the role of a filter.

DIVISION INTO PERIODS OF SALCUTA ENEOLITHIC CIVILIZATION

In the late eneolithic, in Oltenia and a part of Banat there lived some communities so- called Salcuta. The development period of this civilization is characterized by great emigrations, the main perambulation direction in the respective moment going from East to West.

The research of vestiges such as Salcuta lasts for almost a century,and meanwhile some assessments for this were elaborated both from a chronological and cultural point of view.

The main stratigraphic information originate in Salcuta stratigraphy. In time, these were correlated to some data from mediums in the neighbourhood Bulgaria- Krivodol and Serbia-Bubanj, coming to the conclusion of a synchronous evolution and a cultural complex which echoes reached over the Egee Sea.

A great period, until 1970, it was said that the evolution of this civilization is extended on four long phases, and these one were being paralleled to Gumelnita civilization evolution(D.Berciu, I.Nestor). The research of the vestiges from the Raven Ait, Almajel, Years Valley (Mehedinti), Cerat, Simnic, Verbicioara, the Ravine (Dolj), Draganesti Olt, Dobrosloveni, Resca,(Olt) locations imposed new cultural and evolutional realities such as:

- phase IV of Salcuta is a self-contained civilization

- Salcuta culture is subsequent to Gumelnita culture and only within its first phase it might have been contemporaneous with the Gumelnita communities secluded in the hilly part of Muntenia.

- Cernavoda populations reached Salcuta medium and they are contemporaneous with this one when talking about the classic phase III. There are plentiful materials in Raven Ait , Salcuta, Vadastra,Years Valley, Draganesti Olt.

- Salcuta populations used the axes made of coppes, the Jaszlandany type even in the evolutional phase III level ( Resca piece ), and the metallurgy of copper was highly developed, all the copper tools categories from that period being well represented.

In the present moment we consider that the end of Salcuta civilization should not be searched in Salcuta phase III level, but in a chronological moment caught before Salcuta IV and after Salcuta III a si IIIb phases of the Raven Ait. This chronological reality can be found in Salcuta, Almajel,Cerat , Simnic, Almajel si Draganesti Olt locations.

This was stratigraphically found by the scientific explorers but because of the fact that at that time Salcuta IV was considered to be the end, they did not insist on this stratigraphic reality and it was regarded as belonging to phase III.

  

PREZENTARE GENERALA  A CULTURII SALCUTA

ASEZAREA EPONIMA SALCUTA

- ,,PISCUL CORNISORULUI,,

   *Judetul Dolj

   *punct ce domina Valea Desnatuiului

   *asezare fortificata cu val si sant de aparare

CATALOGUL ASEZARILOR SI DESCOPERIRILOR APARTINAND CULTURII SALCUTA

- 28 de puncte in Mehedinti

- 19 puncte in Dolj

- 19 puncte in Olt

- 10 puncte in Valcea

- 5 puncte in Gorj

CERCETARI SISTEMATICE DE LUNGA DURATA IN OLTENIA

1.Salcuta(Dolj) 2.Vadastra(Olt) 3.Ostrovul Corbului(Mehedinti) 4.Almajel(Mehedinti) 
5. Draganesti-Olt(Olt) 6. Verbicioara(Dolj) 7. Siminic(Dolj) 8. Cerat(Dolj)

ISTORICUL CERECETARILOR

  Primele cercetari sunt realizate in asezarea de la Salcuta in anul 1916 de catre I.Andriesescu. Urmeaza alte campanii intre anii 1919-1920. Cercetari sistematice au loc in perioada interbelica si la Ostrovul Corbului, Ostrovul Mare, Ostrovul Simian(Mehedinti), Verbicioara(Dolj), Vadastra(Olt).

 In 1939 aparea lucrarea ,,Arheologia preistorica a Olteniei,, in care D.Berciu incadra cultura Salcuta astfel:

- Salcuta I - Ariusd II – Gumelnita II- Cucuteni A-B - Salcuta II – Wittenberg?- Gumelnita III- Cucuteni B

In urma cercetarilor sistematice realizate la Salcuta,, Piscul Cornisoruli,,in anii 1946-1947 de catre H.Dumitrescu si 1951 de D.Berciu, se obtine un nou profil evolutiv al culturii Salcuta.

In volumul lui D.Berciu, Contributii la problemele neoliticului din Romania in lumina noilor cercetari, 1961, nivelele de cultura apartinand culturii Salcuta de la ,,Piscul Cornisorului,, sunt in numar de 7 si anume : 

   - nivelul 2 - Salcuta I

   - nivelele 3 - 5 – Salcuta IIa, IIb, IIc 
   - nivelul 6 - Salcuta III 
   - nivelele 7 - 8 - Salcuta IVa si IVb

STRATIGRAFIE PESTERA DEVETAKI(BULGARIA)GRUPA KRIVODOL

Nivelul Devetaki III apartine Salcuta-Krivodol(0,20-1,40m). 
-Salcuta I, Salcuta II(cel mai consistent), Salcuta III(slab), Salcuta IV(sporadic). - nivel eterogen Boian III-Vadastra timpuriu-Vinca veche

Intre anii 1960-1980 cercetarile sistematice,in asezari cu vestigii Salcuta,se extind, literatura de specialitate imbogatindu-se cu noi materiale si stratigrafia din locuirile de la Almajel, Simnic, Cerat(D.Galbenu),Ostrovul Corbului, Baile Herculane ,, Pestera Hotilor,,(P.Roman),Vadastra(C.Mateescu),Curmatura,Garlesti(M.Nica )

STRATIGRAFIE VADASTRA,,MAGURA FETELOR,,

*Judetul Olt

*Sapaturi realizate de catre: V.Parvan(1924),V.Cristescu(1926), C.Mateescu(1956-1958)

-Salcuta -

Vadastra II

-Vadastra I

STRATIGRAFIE SIMNIC

*Judetul Dolj.

*D.Galbenu.1962

- Salcuta III

- Salcuta IIc

- Vinca -Starcevo-Cris

STRATIGRAFIE ALMAJEL

*Judetul Mehedinti.

*D.Galbenu.1967-1971

- Salcuta III

-Salcuta II

-Salcuta I

-Vinca

-Starcevo-Cris

STRATIGRAFIE BAILE HERCULANE,,PESTERA HOTILOR,,

*Judet Caras Severin

*P.Roman, 1966-1968. Nivelele eneolitice sunt in numar de 10 si sunt suprapuse de vestigii Cotofeni.

-Complexul Herculane - Cheile Turzii -Salcuta IV

-Salcuta IIc - III

STRATIGRAFIE SALCUTA IN BANAT

   Cercetarile sistematice in asezari cu vestigii Salcuta se intind si in Banat: Cuptoare,, Sfogea,, 1979, Slatina Timis,1975-1980(Gh.Lazarovici, A.Opritescu) - vestigii Tiszapolgar si Bodrogkeresztur -Salcuta IIc si III -Vinca C

   Dupa anul 1980 cercetarile continua in asezarile de la Valea Anilor, Ostrovul Mare, Ostrovul Corbului, Draganesti Olt, Brebeni,Resca,Dobrosloveni,Carcea.

   Stratigrafie Valea Anilor(Mehedinti) - Salcuta IIc-III

   Stratigrafie Dobrosloveni(Olt) - BoianV – Salcuta
   Stratigrafie Resca(Olt)- Gumelnita - Salcuta

STRATIGRAFIE DRAGANESTI-OLT,,CORBOAICA

*Judetul Olt.

Campanii arheologice: -1983-1984 M.Butoi,T.Zorzoliu -1990-Z.Floroiu,T.Zorzoliu,M.Vasilescu -1993-1995 T.Zorzoliu,M.Nica,C.Schuster

-nivel III de locuire cu vestigii Salcuta(din ultima faza evolutiva)

-Gumelnita B1+elemente salcutene+ceramica de tip C

-Gumelnita A2

STRATIGRAFIE OSTROVUL CORBULUI

*Judetul Mehedinti

*Sapaturi sistematice realizate intre anii 1970-1979, 1980-1984.

*Secventa stratigrafica: - cimitir eneolitic final(Bodrogkeresztur, Herculane II)

- asezare a culturii Salcuta

-asezare si morminte ale culturii Cris

Secventa eneolitica de la OSTROVUL CORBULUI

   Cele trei nivele apartinand culturii Salcuta formeaza doua etape distincte. Primele doua formeaza o etapa, iar a treia o alta etapa. Astfel avem:

-Salcuta IIIa-nivel corespunzator fazei III de la Salcuta(caracterizat prin scioca pisata)

-Salcuta IIIb(caracterizat scoica pisata, decor alveolat)

-Salcuta IIIc(scoica pisata, decor imprimat)

Este atestat paralelismul Salcuta IIIa - IIIc -Cernavoda I - Bratesti

Ultimele sapaturi sistematice au avut loc la Draganesti-Olt ,,Corboaica,, in 1997(M.Nica,C.Schuster) si 2000 - A.Grosu.

In 1999 apare monografia A.Radu ,,Cultura Salcuta in Banat,,

In 2003 S.M.Balcu publica materialele H.Dumitrescu din cercetarile din 1946-1947 de la Salcuta

FAZE EVOLUTIVE

- SALCUTA I

- SALCUTA IIa

- SALCUTA IIb

- SALCUTA IIc

- SALCUTA IIIa

- SALCUTA IIIb

SALCUTA III- DISCUTIE

*1961 D.Berciu, Contributii…,mentiona ca nivelul 6 ce apartine fazei III continea mai multe subnivele.

*1971 P.Roman,Modificari…,prezentand cercetarile de la Baile Herculane ,,Pestera Hotilor,, anunta faptul ca Salcuta IV este un grup cultural distinct, finalul culturii Salcuta trebuind cautat la nivelul fazei evolutive III Salcuta.

*1978 E.Comsa spunea ca D.Galbenu a gasit urme specifice unor descoperiri tarzii Salcuta ce se plaseaza evolutiv intre Salcuta III si Salcuta IV. Asezarile cercetate de autoare sunt cele de la Almajel, Simnic si Cerat.

*1989 M.Simon prezenta materialul din asezarea de la Ostrovul Corbului.

Materialele se deosebesc de faza III de la Salcuta:

-oale cu marginea joasa, dreapta sau aplecata spre interior ori cu profil in forma de ,,S,,

-castronul cu marginea arcuita sau cel cu marginea tronconica -strachini cu corp tronconic(IIIb), cu buza ingrosata prin bombare, cu marginea indoita spre interior, cu marginea prelunga(IIIc)

-amforeta(IIIb)

-pahare cu corpul arcuit convex(IIIc)

-ceasca cu doua torti,cu umar inalt sau jos oblic(IIIc)

Decor Salcuta in asezarea de la Ostrovul Corbului: -impresiuni realizate cu degetul, dispuse pe buza vasului, pe margine sau pe zona de contact dintre margine si corp. -decor realizat cu snurul

DATE C14 NECALIBRATE PENTRU CULTURA SALCUTA

2615 Salcuta II - Curmatura - BIn – 1977 5710 +/- 45 A.Laszlo 1997

2616 Salcuta IIb – Salcuta – Gr.N- 1990 5475 +/- 55 A.Laszlo 1997

2617 Salcuta II b – Salcuta – Gr.N – 1985 5450 +/- 50 A.Laszlo 1997

2618 Salcuta – Ostrovul Corbului – SMU 5627 +/- 77 A.Laszlo 1997

2619 Salcuta IIIb – Ostrovul Corbului – nec1 5591 +/- 82 A.Laszlo

2620 Salcuta III b – Ostrovul Corbului – nec2 5260 +/-60 A.Laszlo